Citizens have high expectations of the government and personally participate in politics. Especially at the time of election in this participation in vibrant. Political culture helps to legitimate the political system of a society. Crisis, scandals, failures can quickly undermine citizens faith in the whole system. Preservation of a proper culture is a major concern for the politicians and bureaucrats. Meaning of socialization It is a process of learning in a social context or social learning beings.
It is the process by which individuals learn about politics, a process by which values, beliefs and attitudes of a political culture are transmitted from one generation to the next.
In other words political socialization as the process of induction into a political system. We do this by acquiring information on political symbols, institutions, rules and procedures.
It is a complex process by which people acquire their political values. It shapes and transmits a nation political culture. M Magstadt It is process through which individuals acquire political beliefs and values and by which these are transmitted from one generation to the next.
B Heywood MEANING It is a process of cognitive learning process of political education involving dissemination of information about the political system or training in citizenship Internalization of norms, values and role expectations which support existing institutions.
Direct and manifest socialization It is a process in which the content of the transmitted information, values or feeling is clearly political.
One explicitly learns about the pattern and functions of the government the views of a political party or gets convinced of the superiority of a particular political ideology. Indirect or latent socialization Individuals as a result of his relationship with parents and teachers may develop an attitude to authority in general.
This attitude may late on be directed to political authority in particular. Thus orientation to non- political objects is ultimately transformed into political orientations.
Teacher teaching the students to be a law abiding intentional transmission, fear of police by a child because of some ill treatment to the family is an unintentional transmission of political orientations. Family, peer group, school, college, work place, political parties, religious institutions and mass media are some of the agents of socialization.
They exercise varying influence on the individual. They learn about loyalty, conflict, power and authority. But some family values run contrary to societal and bureaucratic values. Schools and colleges help in civic education. History is all about political socialization. Children are taught to contribute socio-political cohesion. Inculcating societal values and beliefs of society to the young, leadership roles responsibilities and decision making skills are developed.
Individual members have tendency to identify with group of people like themselves. Relationship with the members is personal, intimate and emotional.
Peer groups fulfill members need of approval they affect formation of political attitudes and beliefs. Interpretations and explanations for political content is available in peer groups. It may be direct or indirect, religion being a source of moral authority can reinforce status quo or be a dissenting voice. Plays important role because they draw religious imagery to unite citizens, Church in Europe, Hindu, Muslim organization do promote certain beliefs. Some of them owned by political parties themselves, these media would our thinking and form opinion.
They do these both consciously and unconsciously. It begins at cradle and ends in grave. Difficult agents have varying influence on the individual, at times they may even play a conflicting or contradictory roles. For a political system participation is central. In the absence of participation democracy becomes meaningless. Participation means people have their say in the policy making bodies of the political system.
Decentralization is an important form of participation. Participation is necessary for the stability and legitimacy of a political authority. It devotes a series of voluntary activities which have a bearing on the political process.
Political process involves issues like the selection of rulers and the various aspects of the formation of public policy. Activities include voting at polls, supporting possible pressure groups by being a member of them, personal communication with political leaders, participations in party activities, disseminating political opinion.
They sympathies and listen to activities of the party. Forms of non-participation Political apathy It is a type of passivity, lack of interest or lack of concern for political issues. It involves inability and unchallenging acceptance of constituted authority.
It provides support for the regime but enables the individuals to avoid the politicization of his whole being. Types of political apathy A. Parochial apathy or in deliberate apathy- there is lack of information and lack of interest in the political world. They may not have the capacity or opportunity for participation. Such is found among uneducated, unarticulated section of society. Deliberate apathy- these people make a conscious choice to be indifferent.
Psychological factors It helps to come out from loneliness and isolation. It provides a platform to share emotions of anger, sympathy, distress, opportunities to create bonds of friendship, for new associations. It gives men a new lifestyle by engaging him in political activity and gives him a new purpose.
It helps him to handle his inner conflict tension and insecurity. Social factors Education- expands knowledge, understanding and capacity to negotiate and bargain for better deal.
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